In this blog, you will learn about the main political principles: Liberalism, Marxism and Gandhianism. Liberalism and Marxism have caught the attention of most people in the 20th century. Liberalization arose from the Glorious Revolution in England, the United States War of Independence, and the French Revolution. It has remained with us as the political philosophy of the capitalist West. Marxism arose as a reaction against the liberal-capitalist society. In 1991, the USSR With the partition of, the last great socialist / Marxist state, Marxism lost much of its popularity. Gandhianism, while challenging the ideals of both liberalism and Marxism, not only presents a critique of both ideologies, but also provides relevant alternative theories.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a very old political ideology. Its origins go back to the 16th century. Since then it has been going through numerous phases. Refused to accept moral goals as absolute truth by Western Enlightenment; The glorious English Revolution (1688) condemned the divine right of kings; The French Revolution gave rise to the main ideas of "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" and the recent United States War of Independence (1775-76) emphasized the Declaration of Human Rights. 1.1.1 The Meaning of Objectivism Harold Lusky, a scholar of English political science, once wrote: "(Liberalism) is not easy to describe, it is rarely defined, because it is no less a mental habit than the body of a theory." . This means that liberalism is very dynamic and has a very flexible concept to give it an accurate meaning. And yet scholars have tried to define it. " According to Corner, "Liberalism begins and ends with the ideals of freedom, individual human rights and individual human happiness."
The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines liberalization as "a thought committed to freedom, as a method and policy in government, as an organized principle in society, and as a way of life for the individual and the community." Liberalism is a principle of reform, as it is synonymous with reform in the economic, social and political spheres. It is the principle of freedom, individual liberty, personal autonomy, because it defends the development of human personality. It is a principle of democracy, because it supports a constitutional government, a government based on the consent of the people, the rule of law, decentralization, free and fair elections. In conclusion, we can highlight three aspects of liberalism that help us to clearly understand its meaning: in the social sphere, liberalism represents a society that opposes secularism and all forms of social discrimination; In the economic sphere, it favors the capitalist economy, the individual ownership of the means of production, and the motive for maximum profit; In the political sphere it represents democratic politics, individual rights and freedoms, a responsible and accountable government, a free judiciary and a fair and equal Characteristics of Liberalism We can identify some of the characteristics of Liberalism. These characteristics are as follows:
(1) Individual Freedom :
Liberalism is essentially an ideology of freedom. His love for personal freedom is undeniable. It has become liberalism. For liberals, freedom is the very essence of human personality. It is a tool for one's development.
(2) Theory focuses on the individual :
Liberalism begins and ends with the individual. For liberals, the individual is the center of all activities, the focal point; The individual is the end, while all other organizations, including the state, are the ones that exist for the individual. The individual is the center around which all things move.
(3) Capitalist economy :
Liberalization advocates a free market economy, i.e., the state of a capitalist economy. Believe in the private property system, in terms of the right to property as a sacrament; Maximum benefit as the sole reason; The capitalist state of production and distribution as the sole essence; Market forces as a means of controlling the economy. Individual and State
(4) Limited State :
Liberalism defends the concept of limited state. Liberals see the state as a means to an end. They oppose all forms of totalitarian state. They believe that a more powerful state means less independent"
(5) Opposition to Traditions / Superstitions :
Liberalism emerged as a reaction against traditions / superstitions, it, by its very nature, opposes all reactionary measures. Liberalization, which came out of the Renaissance and Reformation, remained for reason and rationality, and remained in fact. Facing man's feudal model Dale as a passive person, liberalism favors a model of man that is more active and more acquired.
(6) Democracy:
Liberalism is a part of democratic government. It seeks to establish a government of the people for the people and for the people; A government governed by the Constitution and constitutionalism; The government defends the rule of law; A government that guarantees the rights and freedoms of the people. McGowar says liberalism is a combination of democracy and individualism.
(7) Well-being :
Liberalism is closely associated with well-being. Welfare as a state activity is the idea that the state works for the welfare of the people. The liberal concept of state activity is one in which the state serves the people. In other words, the welfare state is a "social service" state. Weaknesses of Liberalization Liberalism has its own inherent flaws. It is a philosophy full of stress. On the one hand, it unfurls the flag of freedom and on the other hand, it advocates equality. On the one hand, it works, within the framework of market society, it promises equal opportunities for all. On the one hand, it demands unlimited rights to acquire wealth and on the other hand, it demands a share of the profits for the welfare of the unemployed and the needy.
On the one hand, it builds a capitalist economy, which eventually ends in inequality, and on the other hand, it strives for the establishment of an egalitarian society.
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