WHAT WAS THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT ?

(A) Import duty on cotton should be made convenient for Indians

(B) Indianization of Government Services

(C) Opposition to the Afghan policy of the British Government

(D) Opposition to the Vernacular Press Act and control over the press

 

        The distinction between the Indian National Congress (INC) and other organizations meant that it was an attempt to provide a common political platform for the people of India to claim to represent the country. Nonetheless, British administrators tried to understand the importance of INC, but it was able to reflect the aspirations of the people. Thus, the most important and main objective of this organization was to create awareness among the people of a nation. The task was difficult due to the existence of diverse cultural, linguistic and religious traditions of the land.

        All the different forces had to be brought together against the common opposition, British imperialism. Initially the founders of the INC hoped to influence the colonial government in matters that affected the well-being of the country and especially its economic upliftment. They expected that the colonial government would take steps to improve the situation if the problems of the nation were brought to light through proper publicity. Thus, in the early years through lectures, the nationalists wrote in the newspapers about the major problems of the nation and the ways in which they could be remedied. The most valuable contribution of the so-called 'moderates' or early members of Congress was to form an economic critic. First Dadabhai Naoroji and then other nationalists discovered that instead of bringing about the intelligentsia industrial revolution that Indian intellectuals were expecting, British rule was impoverishing the nation and destroying its vulgar craft production. This discovery led to some confusion among early nationalists who hoped that British rule would result in the modernization of India.

Indigenous and boycotts: Excessive politics

        The period between 1885-1905 is known as the period of the middle people. In 1905, Lord Curzon, the then Governor General, declared the partition of Bengal. The province of Bengal at that time included the present states of West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand, Orissa and Assam. It also includes the present country Bangladesh, it was indeed a very large administrative unit. However the method of partition clearly showed the divided policies of the British. First, it was on the lines of religion, where Hindu-majority areas were separated from Muslim-majority areas. In addition, the urban bases of the revived intellectuals (English educated upper caste Indians) were mainly separated from the cultivated areas, (most notably the jute-producing areas), but there was an attempt to downplay the importance of Calcutta, where intellectuals from all over Bengal met and met. Inspire. The announcement was followed by widespread protests. Initially, the protests were moderated on the mediators' "prayer and petition" strategy, with petitions and memoranda addressed to the colonial government, and speeches, public meetings, and press campaigns. This was an attempt to influence public opinion in India and England. Despite these efforts, the partition of Bengal was declared in July 1905.

        As soon as the final announcement was made, Bengal erupted in protest. Protests were held all over Bengal and mainly not only in Calcutta, but also in small towns in the interior of Bengal. Dinajpur, Pabna, Faridpur, Dakka, Barisal etc. The decision to "boycott" British goods was first taken at one of these meetings. The proclamation of the proclamation of the Indigenous Movement was made at a meeting held at the Calcutta Townhall in August 1901 with the passage of a 'boycott' resolution, which brought about the unification of the hitherto fragmented leadership. The day the partition was implemented i.e.. A strike was called in Calcutta on October 16, 1905 and a day of mourning was declared. People fasted and no fire was lit in the hearth of the kitchen. People paraded in the streets singing Bande Mataram. As a symbol of unity, the people of Bengal tied ashes on each other's wrists.

Swaraj

        This peculiar form of mass protest of ‘indigenous and boycott’ gained popularity among new members of Congress, who were more than average impatient to see a positive response to their efforts. Lokmanya Tilak took the message of boycott of domestic and foreign goods to Bombay and Pune; Ajit Singh and Lajpat Rai, Punjab and other parts of Northern India: Syed Haider Raza, President of Madras from Delhi and Chidambaram Pillai, who was also inspired by Bipinchandra Pal's extensive lecture tour. In its Benaras session of 1905, chaired by Gokley of the INCA, he formally took the Indigenous call. Although the Congress supported the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, it did not envisage the intensification of the movement all over India or the detention of the cause of complete independence. The extremist leadership of Tilak, Bipinchandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Ob Robindo Ghosh etc. needs it. With this extremist pressure, Dadabhai Nauroji, in his presidential address to the Calcutta session of the Congress, encouraged that the ultimate goal of the INC was 'Swarajya or Swaraj'.

        Traditional and popular festivals were used to reach the people for the first time in the national movement. The Ganpati and Shivaji festivals in Maharashtra were commissioned by Tilak to lead the masses towards the movement and educate them about it. Indigenous songs were used in Bengal to inspire people. The popular theatrical form known as Jatra was also used to spread nationalist sentiment. The movement was accompanied by a flurry of cultural activities. Eventually the colonial government was forced to withdraw the partition in the form they had envisioned. However, they tried to downplay the importance of Calcutta and so the Bengal intellectuals shifted the capital to Delhi in 1911.